Physics
Ion traps: Penning and Paul
Follow one ion in Penning and Paul quadrupole traps. Resolve cyclotron and axial motion, RF micromotion, stroboscopic samples and loss of confinement.
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Dimensionless ideal fields. Loss at a virtual spherical aperture, radius 1.2. Disabling confinement removes B or RF; the DC electric field remains.
Equations used in the module
Equations Penning: x″ = x/2 + ωc y′; y″ = y/2 − ωc x′; z″ = −z ω± = (ωc ± √(ωc² − 2))/2 Paul: x″ = −Ω²(a − 2q cos Ωt)x/4; y″ likewise; z″ = +Ω²(a − 2q cos Ωt)z/2
