Math
Benford's law
Explore leading-digit distributions, multiplicative scale and counterexamples to Benford’s law using generated or pasted data.
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Compare first digits from log-uniform values, powers of two, ordinary uniform values or pasted positive data. Multiplying by 10^s shifts the logarithmic mantissa. Benford behaviour is not universal, and a mismatch alone is not evidence of fraud.
Equations used in the module
Equations P(first digit=d) = log₁₀(1+1/d), d=1,…,9 First digit is determined by the fractional part of log₁₀x Multiplication by a scale adds a constant to that fractional part Log-uniform mantissas give Benford probabilities; arbitrary datasets need not
